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PostgreSQL

PostgreSQL Cheat Sheet - 快速参考指南，收录常用语法、命令与实践。

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Getting Started

Getting started

Switch and connect

SHELL

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$ sudo -u postgres psql

List all databases

SHELL

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postgres=# \l

Connect to the database named postgres

SHELL

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postgres=# \c postgres

Disconnect

SHELL

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postgres=# \q
postgres=# \!

psql commands

Option	Example	Description
`[-d] <database>`	psql -d mydb	Connecting to database
`-U`	psql -U john mydb	Connecting as a specific user
`-h` `-p`	psql -h localhost -p 5432 mydb	Connecting to a host/port
`-U` `-h` `-p` `-d`	psql -U admin -h 192.168.1.5 -p 2506 -d mydb	Connect remote PostgreSQL
`-W`	psql -W mydb	Force password
`-c`	psql -c '\c postgres' -c '\dt'	Execute a SQL query or command
`-H`	psql -c "\l+" -H postgres > database.html	Generate HTML report
`-l`	psql -l	List all databases
`-f`	psql mydb -f file.sql	Execute commands from a file
`-V`	psql -V	Print the psql version

{.show-header}

Getting help

-	-
`\h`	Help on syntax of SQL commands
`\h` DELETE	DELETE SQL statement syntax
`\?`	List of PostgreSQL command

Run in PostgreSQL console

PostgreSQL Working

Recon

Show version

CODE

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SHOW SERVER_VERSION;

Show system status

SQL

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\conninfo

Show environmental variables

SQL

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SHOW ALL;

List users

SQL

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SELECT rolname FROM pg_roles;

Show current user

SQL

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SELECT current_user;

Show current user's permissions

CODE

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\du

Show current database

SQL

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SELECT current_database();

Show all tables in database

SQL

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\dt

List functions

SQL

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\df <schema>

Databases

List databases

SQL

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\l

Connect to database

SQL

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\c <database_name>

Show current database

SQL

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SELECT current_database();

Create database

SQL

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CREATE DATABASE <database_name> WITH OWNER <username>;

Drop database

SQL

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DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS <database_name>;

Rename database

SQL

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ALTER DATABASE <old_name> RENAME TO <new_name>;

Tables

List tables, in current db

SQL

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\dt

SELECT table_schema,table_name FROM information_schema.tables ORDER BY table_schema,table_name;

List tables, globally

SQL

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\dt *.*.

SELECT * FROM pg_catalog.pg_tables

List table schema

SQL

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\d <table_name>
\d+ <table_name>

SELECT column_name, data_type, character_maximum_length
FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS
WHERE table_name = '<table_name>';

Create table

SQL

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CREATE TABLE <table_name>(
  <column_name> <column_type>,
  <column_name> <column_type>
);

Create table, with an auto-incrementing primary key

SQL

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CREATE TABLE <table_name> (
  <column_name> SERIAL PRIMARY KEY
);

Delete table

SQL

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DROP TABLE IF EXISTS <table_name> CASCADE;

Permissions

Become the postgres user, if you have permission errors

SHELL

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sudo su - postgres
psql

Grant all permissions on database

SQL

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GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON DATABASE <db_name> TO <user_name>;

Grant connection permissions on database

SQL

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GRANT CONNECT ON DATABASE <db_name> TO <user_name>;

Grant permissions on schema

SQL

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GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA public TO <user_name>;

Grant permissions to functions

SQL

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GRANT EXECUTE ON ALL FUNCTIONS IN SCHEMA public TO <user_name>;

Grant permissions to select, update, insert, delete, on a all tables

SQL

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GRANT SELECT, UPDATE, INSERT ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA public TO <user_name>;

Grant permissions, on a table

SQL

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GRANT SELECT, UPDATE, INSERT ON <table_name> TO <user_name>;

Grant permissions, to select, on a table

SQL

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GRANT SELECT ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA public TO <user_name>;

Columns

Add column

SQL

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ALTER TABLE <table_name> IF EXISTS
ADD <column_name> <data_type> [<constraints>];

Update column

SQL

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ALTER TABLE <table_name> IF EXISTS
ALTER <column_name> TYPE <data_type> [<constraints>];

Delete column

SQL

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ALTER TABLE <table_name> IF EXISTS
DROP <column_name>;

Update column to be an auto-incrementing primary key

SQL

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ALTER TABLE <table_name>
ADD COLUMN <column_name> SERIAL PRIMARY KEY;

Insert into a table, with an auto-incrementing primary key

SQL

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INSERT INTO <table_name>
VALUES (DEFAULT, <value1>);


INSERT INTO <table_name> (<column1_name>,<column2_name>)
VALUES ( <value1>,<value2> );

Data

Select all data

SQL

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SELECT * FROM <table_name>;

Read one row of data

SQL

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SELECT * FROM <table_name> LIMIT 1;

Search for data

SQL

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SELECT * FROM <table_name> WHERE <column_name> = <value>;

Insert data

SQL

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INSERT INTO <table_name> VALUES( <value_1>, <value_2> );

Update data

SQL

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UPDATE <table_name>
SET <column_1> = <value_1>, <column_2> = <value_2>
WHERE <column_1> = <value>;

Delete all data

SQL

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DELETE FROM <table_name>;

Delete specific data

SQL

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DELETE FROM <table_name>
WHERE <column_name> = <value>;

Users

List roles

SQL

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SELECT rolname FROM pg_roles;

Create user

SQL

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CREATE USER <user_name> WITH PASSWORD '<password>';

Drop user

SQL

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DROP USER IF EXISTS <user_name>;

Alter user password

SQL

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ALTER ROLE <user_name> WITH PASSWORD '<password>';

Schema

List schemas

SQL

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\dn

SELECT schema_name FROM information_schema.schemata;

SELECT nspname FROM pg_catalog.pg_namespace;

Create schema

SQL

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CREATE SCHEMA IF NOT EXISTS <schema_name>;

Drop schema

SQL

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DROP SCHEMA IF EXISTS <schema_name> CASCADE;

Dates

Show current date YYYY-MM-DD

SQL

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SELECT current_date;

Calculate age between two dates

SQL

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SELECT age(timestamp, timestamp);

Show current time with time zone

SQL

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SELECT current_time;

Make dates using integers

SQL

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SELECT make_date(2021,03,25);

PostgreSQL Commands

Tables

-	-
`\d <table>`	Describe table
`\d+ <table>`	Describe table with details
`\dt`	List tables from current schema
`\dt .`	List tables from all schemas
`\dt <schema>.*`	List tables for a schema
`\dp`	List table access privileges
`\det[+]`	List foreign tables

Query buffer

-	-
`\e [FILE]`	Edit the query buffer (or file)
`\ef [FUNC]`	Edit function definition
`\p`	Show the contents
`\r`	Reset (clear) the query buffer
`\s [FILE]`	Display history or save it to file
`\w FILE`	Write query buffer to file

Informational

-	-
`\l[+]`	List all databases
`\dn[S+]`	List schemas
`\di[S+]`	List indexes
`\du[+]`	List roles
`\ds[S+]`	List sequences
`\df[antw][S+]`	List functions
`\deu[+]`	List user mappings
`\dv[S+]`	List views
`\dl`	List large objects
`\dT[S+]`	List data types
`\da[S]`	List aggregates
`\db[+]`	List tablespaces
`\dc[S+]`	List conversions
`\dC[+]`	List casts
`\ddp`	List default privileges
`\dd[S]`	Show object descriptions
`\dD[S+]`	List domains
`\des[+]`	List foreign servers
`\dew[+]`	List foreign-data wrappers
`\dF[+]`	List text search configurations
`\dFd[+]`	List text search dictionaries
`\dFp[+]`	List text search parsers
`\dFt[+]`	List text search templates
`\dL[S+]`	List procedural languages
`\do[S]`	List operators
`\dO[S+]`	List collations
`\drds`	List per-database role settings
`\dx[+]`	List extensions

S: show system objects, +: additional detail

Connection

-	-
`\c [DBNAME]`	Connect to new database
`\encoding [ENCODING]`	Show or set client encoding
`\password [USER]`	Change the password
`\conninfo`	Display information

Formatting

-	-
`\a`	Toggle between unaligned and aligned
`\C [STRING]`	Set table title, or unset if none
`\f [STRING]`	Show or set field separator for unaligned
`\H`	Toggle HTML output mode
<code>\t [on\|off]</code>	Show only rows
`\T [STRING]`	Set or unset HTML <table> tag attributes
<code>\x [on\|off]</code>	Toggle expanded output

Input/Output

-	-
`\copy ...`	Import/export table<br> See also: copy
`\echo [STRING]`	Print string
`\i FILE`	Execute file
`\o [FILE]`	Export all results to file
`\qecho [STRING]`	String to output stream

Variables

-	-
`\prompt [TEXT] NAME`	Set variable
`\set [NAME [VALUE]]`	Set variable (or list all if no parameters)
`\unset NAME`	Delete variable

Misc

-	-
`\cd [DIR]`	Change the directory
<code>\timing [on\|off]</code>	Toggle timing
`\! [COMMAND]`	Execute in shell
`\! ls -l`	List all in shell

Large Objects

\lo_export LOBOID FILE
\lo_import FILE [COMMENT]
\lo_list
\lo_unlink LOBOID

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Miscellaneous

Backup

Use pg_dumpall to backup all databases

SHELL

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$ pg_dumpall -U postgres > all.sql

Use pg_dump to backup a database

SHELL

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$ pg_dump -d mydb -f mydb_backup.sql

-	-
`-a`	Dump only the data, not the schema
`-s`	Dump only the schema, no data
`-c`	Drop database before recreating
`-C`	Create database before restoring
`-t`	Dump the named table(s) only
`-F`	Format (`c`: custom, `d`: directory, `t`: tar)

Use pg_dump -? to get the full list of options

Restore

Restore a database with psql

SHELL

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$ psql -U user mydb < mydb_backup.sql

Restore a database with pg_restore

SHELL

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$ pg_restore -d mydb mydb_backup.sql -c

-	-
`-U`	Specify a database user
`-c`	Drop database before recreating
`-C`	Create database before restoring
`-e`	Exit if an error has encountered
`-F`	Format (`c`: custom, `d`: directory, `t`: tar, `p`: plain text sql(default))

{.marker-none}

Use pg_restore -? to get the full list of options

Remote access

Get location of postgresql.conf

SHELL

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$ psql -U postgres -c 'SHOW config_file'

Append to postgresql.conf

SHELL

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listen_addresses = '*'

Append to pg_hba.conf (Same location as postgresql.conf)

SHELL

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host  all  all  0.0.0.0/0  md5
host  all  all  ::/0       md5

Restart PostgreSQL server

SHELL

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$ sudo systemctl restart postgresql

Import/Export CSV

Export table into CSV file

SHELL

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\copy table TO '<path>' CSV
\copy table(col1,col1) TO '<path>' CSV
\copy (SELECT...) TO '<path>' CSV

Import CSV file into table

SHELL

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\copy table FROM '<path>' CSV
\copy table(col1,col1) FROM '<path>' CSV

Also see

Posgres-cheatsheet (gist.github.com)

PostgreSQL

Getting Started

PostgreSQL Working

PostgreSQL Commands

Miscellaneous

Also see

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