---

title: Ruby date: 2024-04-25 09:50:25 background: bg-red-500 tags: - script - interpret categories: - Programming intro: | The Ruby cheat sheet is a one-page reference sheet for the Ruby programming language. plugins: - copyCode - runCode

Getting Started

Install

# Debian, Ubuntu
$ sudo apt-get install ruby-full
# Windows
$ winget install RubyInstallerTeam.Ruby
$ brew install ruby # macOS
$ docker run -it --rm ruby:latest # Docker

What is Gemfile and Gemfile.lock {.row-span-2}

• Gemfile Is the Bundler (also gem) configuration file that contains the project's gem list (dependencies)

# Specify gem in the Gemfile in the project root directory
ruby '3.1.2'

source 'https://rubygems.org'
gem 'nokogiri'
gem 'rack', '~>3.0.10'
gem 'rspec', :require => 'spec'

Install all gems in Gemfile

$ bundle install

Solve the problem of Gemfile.lock inconsistency between mac for development and linux for production

bundle lock --add-platform x86_64-linux

Install a specific version of a specific ruby gem

$ gem install bundler -v 2.4.20
$ gem install minitest -v 5.22.3

Update gems using Bundler

# Updating a single gem using Bundler
$ bundle update nokogiri
# Use Bundler to update each gem in the Gemfile
$ bundle update

Comment {.row-span-1}

# This is a single line comments.
=begin
Multi-line
Comment
=end
puts "Hello world!"  # Inline comments for code

reserved words {.col-span-1}

Operator {.row-span-7}

Logical Operators

• and
• or
• not
• &&
• ||
• !

Bit operators

• &
• |
• ^
• ~
• <<
• >>

Arithmetic operators

• +
• -
• *
• /
• %
• **

Comparison operator

• ==
• !=
• >
• <
• >=
• <=
• <=>
• ===
• eql?
• equal?

Operator examples

# Addition
1 + 1   #=> 2
# Subtraction
2 - 1   #=> 1
# Multiplication
2 * 2   #=> 4
# Division
10 / 5  #=> 2
17 / 5    #=> 3, not 3.4
17 / 5.0  #=> 3.4
# Exponentiation
2 ** 2  #=> 4
3 ** 4  #=> 81
# Modulus (remainder of division)
8 % 2   #=> 0  (8 / 2 = 4; no remainder)
10 % 4  #=> 2  (10 / 4 = 2 remainder 2)
a = 10
b = 20
a == b #=> false
a != b #=> true
a > b #=> false
a < b #=> true
a >= b #=> false
a <= b #=> true

# Comparison operators
a <=> b #=> -1
c = 20
c <=> b #=> 0
c <=> a  #=> 1
# Equality used in when clauses for case statements
(1...10) === 5 #=> true
# True if the receiver and the argument have the same type and equal values
1.eql?(1.0) #=> false
c = a + b  #=> 30
c += a #=> 40
c -= a #=> 30
c *= a #=> 300
c /= a #=> 30
c %= a #=> 3
c **= a #=> 59049

# Ruby parallel assignment
a = 10
b = 20
c = 30
a, b, c = 10, 20, 30
# Ruby bitwise operators
a = 60
b = 13
# & Binary AND operator copies a bit to the result if it exists in both operands.
a & b #=> 12
# | Binary OR operator copies a bit if it exists in either operand.
a | b #=> 61
# ^ Binary XOR operator copies a bit if it is set in one operand but not both.
a ^ b #=> 49
# ~ Binary Ones Complement is unary and has the effect of 'flipping' bits.
~a
# << Binary Left Shift Operator. The left operand's value is moved
# left by the number of bits specified by the right operand.
a << 2
# >> Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operand's value is moved
# right by the number of bits specified by the right operand.
a >> 2

# Ruby logical operators
a and b #=> true.
a or b #=> true.
a && b #=> true.
(a || b) #=> true.
!(a && b) #=> false.
not(a && b) #=> false.
# Ruby ternary operator
# ? :
# If condition is true ? Then value X : Otherwise value Y
a == 10 ? puts 'Right' : puts 'Wrong'
# Ruby range operators
# .. Creates a range from the start point to the end point (inclusive)
1..10 #=> Creates a range from 1 to 10 (inclusive of 1 and 10)
# ... Creates an exclusive range from the start point to the end point
1...10 #=> Creates an exclusive range from 1 to 10

Operator precedence table

From highest to lowest, this is the precedence table for ruby. High precedence operations happen before low precedence operations.

• !, ~, unary +
• **
• unary -
• *, /, %
• +, -
• <<, >>
• &
• |, ^

• , >=, <, <=

• <=>, ==, ===, !=, =, !
• &&
• ||
• .., ...
• ?, :
• modifier-rescue
• =, +=, -=, etc.
• defined?
• not
• or, and
• modifier-if, modifier-unless, modifier-while, modifier-until
• { } blocks

Variables and scope {.col-span-2}

There are five different types of variables. The first character determines the range To read in deap about variables check User Guide cap 19,20,21,22,23 Pre-Defined Variables and Constants

Check the scope of a variable

defined? count
"local-variable"
defined? @id
"instance-variable"
defined? @@name
"class variable"
defined? $version
"global-variable"
defined? PI
"constant"

Data Types {.col-span-2}

further reading

Check data type

# Both are synonyms
a = 37
a.kind_of? Integer
# true
a.is_a? Integer
# true

Symbol

week_days = {sunday: 11, monday: 222}

Integer useful methods

2.even?
# true
3.even?
# false

Range

.. Used to create inclusive ranges

range = 1..10
range.to_a
# output => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

... Used to create exclusive ranges

range = 1...10
range.to_a
# output => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

some useful methods

Using step in Range

(1..20).step(2) { |number| puts "#{number}"}
# output
# 1
# 3
# 5
# 7
# 9
# 11
# 13
# 15
# 17
# 19

Ruby Flow control

if

num = 2
puts 'two' if num == 2

If the condition is true, execute the code

if elsif else

temp = 19
if temp >= 25
  puts "hot"
elsif temp < 25 && temp >= 18
  puts "normal"
else
  puts "cold"
end
# output => normal

unless

# Unless contrary to if , evaluates when the statement is false
name = "rob"
# if name != "bob"
unless name == "bob"
  puts "hello stranger"
else
  puts "hello bob"
end
# output => hello stranger
num = 6
puts 'not two' unless num == 2
# output => not two

case {.row-span-2}

# case returns the value of the last expression executed
case input
# Check for an integer, 19
when 19
  puts "It's 19"
  # Check for an exact string，“Zaman”
when "Zaman"
  puts "Hi Zaman"
when 7..11
  puts "It's between 7 and 11"
  # Check multiple values, "coffee"
when "tea", "coffee"
  puts "Happy days"
end

case( short syntax )

case input
  when 19 then puts "It's 19"
end

case( Optional failure )

case input
  when 19 then puts "It's 19"
else
  puts "It's not 19"
end

case( Get return value )

marks = 86
result = case marks
        when 0..49 then "Fail"
        when 50..64 then "Pass"
        when 65..74 then "Credit"
        when 75..84 then "Distinction"
        when 85..100 then "High Distinction"
        else "Invalid marks"
        end

puts result
# High Distinction

String

String interpolation

name = "World"
puts "Hello #{name}"
puts "The total is #{1+1}"
# "the total is 2"

String interpolation allows you to combine strings together

Extract substring

string = "abc123"
string[0,3]
# "abc"
string[3,3]
# "123"
string[0..-2]
# "abc12"
#remove or replace the substring
string[0..2] = ""
puts string
# "123"

A substring is a small part of a string, which is useful if you only want that specific part, like the beginning, middle, or end

Convert a string to lowercase or uppercase

"HELLO World".downcase  # "hello world"
"hello worlD".upcase    # "HELLO WORLD"
"hEllo wOrlD".capitalize # "Hello world"
"hEllo WOrlD".swapcase  # "HeLLO woRLd"

useful methods {.col-span-3}

Methods

Declare a method {.row-span-3}

def method_name(parameter1, parameter2)
    puts "#{parameter1} #{parameter2}"
    parameter1 + parameter2
end

---

res = method_name(20, 10)
# output => 30
def method_name(parameter1, parameter2)
    puts "#{parameter1} #{parameter2}"
    return parameter1 + parameter2
end
# output => 30

Call method

res = method_name(parameter1, parameter2)
# Methods can be called without parentheses
res = method_name parameter1, parameter2

Class method {.row-span-4}

Class methods are class-level methods. There are multiple ways to define class methods

class Mobile
    def self.ring
        "ring ring ring..."
    end
end

Mobile.ring

---

class Mobile
    def Mobile.ring
        "ring ring ring..."
    end
end
Mobile.ring

---

class Mobile
    class << self
    def ring
        "ring ring ring..."
       end
    end
end
Mobile.ring

Class methods are instance methods of class objects. When a new class is created, an object of type "Class" is initialized and assigned to a global constant (in this case Mobile)

Mobile = Class.new do
    def self.ring
        "ring ring ring..."
    end
end
Mobile.ring

Mobile = Class.new
class << Mobile
    def ring
        "ring ring ring..."
    end
end
Mobile.ring

Use another parameter as default value

def method_name(num1, num2 = num1)
    return num1 + num2
end
res = method_name(10)
# output => 20

Define default values for method parameters

def method_name(parameter1, parameter2, type = "ADD")
    puts "#{parameter1} #{parameter2}"
    return parameter1 + parameter2 if type == "ADD"
    return parameter1 - parameter2 if type == "SUB"
end
res = method_name(20, 10)
# output => 30

Pass variable length arguments to method parameters

def method_name(type, *values)
    return values.reduce(:+) if type == "ADD"
    return values.reduce(:-) if type == "SUB"
end
numbers = [2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3]
res = method_name("ADD", *numbers)
# output => 15
res = method_name("SUB", *numbers)
# output => -11
# Or you can provide a value like this
res = method_name("ADD", 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3)
# output => 15

Modify object

a = ["Drama", "Mystery", "Crime",
"Sci-fi", "Disaster", "Thriller"]
a.sort
puts a
# We did not modify the object
# Drama
# Mystery
# Crime
# Sci-fi
# Disaster
# Thriller
a.sort!
puts a
# Modify object
# Crime
# Disaster
# Drama
# Mystery
# Sci-fi
# Thriller

When you want to modify the object, use ! after the method

Boolean method

In ruby, methods ending with a question mark (?) are called boolean methods, which return true or false

"some text".nil?
# false
nil.nil?
# true

You can have your own boolean method

def is_vowel?(char)
    ['a','e','i','o','u'].include? char
end
is_vowel? 'a'
# true
is_vowel? 'b'
# false

Blocks

Block example

# return value
def give_me_data
    data = yield
    puts "data = #{data}"
end
give_me_data { "Big data" }
# output => data = Big data

The code between do and end (for multiple lines) or curly braces { and } (for a single line) is called a block, and they can define multiple parameters between two pipes ( |arg1, arg2|)

Single line block

salary = [399, 234, 566, 533, 233]
salary.each { |s| puts s }
# puts s = block body
# |s| = block arguments

Multi-line block

salary.each do |s|
    a = 10
    res = a * s
    puts res
end
# Block
# a = 10
# res = a * s
# puts res
# block parameters
# |s|

Blocks can be passed as method parameters or associated with method calls. block returns the last evaluated statement

Implicitly passing a block

def give_me_data
    puts "I am inside give_me_data method"
    yield
    puts "I am back in give_me_data method"
end

give_me_data { puts "Big data" }

# output
# I am inside give_me_data method
# Big data
# I am back in give_me_data method

Called multiple times

def give_me_data
    yield
    yield
    yield
end

give_me_data { puts "Big data" }

# output
# Big data
# Big data
# Big data

Called with block parameters

def give_me_data
    yield 10
    yield 100
    yield 30
end

give_me_data { |data| puts "Big data #{data} TB" }

# output
# Big data 10 TB
# Big data 100 TB
# Big data 30 TB

Called with multiple block parameters

def give_me_data
    yield "Big data", 10, "TB"
    yield "Big data", 100, "GB"
    yield "Big data", 30, "MB"
end

give_me_data { |text, data, unit| puts "#{text} #{data} #{unit}" }

# output
# Big data 10 TB
# Big data 100 GB
# Big data 30 MB

Block will attempt to return from the current context

give_me_data
    puts "I'm inside the give_me_data method"
end

def test
  puts "I'm inside the test method"
  give_me_data { return 10 } # Code returns from here
  puts "I am back in test method"
end

return_value = test

# output
# I'm inside the test method
# I'm inside the give_me_data method
# 10

Pass the block explicitly by using the & parameter

def give_me_data(&block)
    block.call
    block.call
end

give_me_data { puts "Big data" }

# output
# Big data
# Big data

Check if block is given

def give_me_data
    yield
end

give_me_data

# output
# LocalJumpError: no block given (yield)

Ways to handle exceptions and make blocks optional

def give_me_data
    return "no block" unless block_given?
    yield
end

give_me_data { puts "Big data" }
give_me_data

# output
# Big data

Procs

Procs

p = Proc.new { puts "Hello World" }

def give_me_data(proc)
    proc.call
end

give_me_data p

# output
# Hello World

proc is like a block that can be stored in a variable

any parameter {.col-span-2}

p = Proc.new { |count| "Hello World " * count }

def give_me_data(proc)
    proc.call 5, 2
end

give_me_data p

# output
# "Hello World Hello World Hello World Hello World Hello World "

proc will attempt to return from the current context

p = Proc.new { return 10 }
p.call
# output
LocalJumpError: unexpected return

Cannot return from top-level context

def give_me_data
    puts "I'm inside the give_me_data method"
    p = Proc.new { return 10 }
    p.call # Code returns from here
    puts "I am back in give_me_data method"
end

return_value = give_me_data
puts return_value

# output
# I'm inside the give_me_data method
# 10

Lambdas

Declare a lambda{.row-span-2}

l = lambda { puts "Hello World" }
# shorthand
l = -> { puts "Hello World" }
# transfer lambda
l.call
# output => Hello World

There are multiple ways to call a lambda

l.()
l[]

strict arguments

l = -> (count) { "Hello World " * count }
l.call 5
# output
# "Hello World Hello World Hello World Hello World Hello World "
l.call 5, 2
# output
wrong number of arguments (given 2, expected 1)

declare a lambda in block {.row-span-2}

def give_me_data
    puts "I am inside give_me_data method"
    l = -> { return 10 }
    l.call
    puts "I am back in give_me_data method"
end

return_value = give_me_data
puts return_value

# output
# I am inside give_me_data method
# I am back in give_me_data method
# nil # because puts return nil

lambdas are returned from the lambda itself, just like regular methods

l = -> { return 10 }
l.call

# output => 10

Array

Initialize an empty array

array = Array.new   #=> []
# or
array = []

Array containing objects of different types

array = [1, "two", 3.0]
#=> [1, "two", 3.0]

Fill array with initial size and default objects {.row-span-2}

numbers = Array.new(3)
#=> [nil, nil, nil]
numbers = Array.new(3, 7)
#=> [7, 7, 7]
numbers = Array.new(3, true)
#=> [true, true, true]
numbers = []
numbers.fill(7, 0..2)   #=> [7, 7, 7]

array of different hashes {.col-span-2}

array_with_hashes = Array.new(2) { {} } #=> [{}, {}]
array_with_hashes[0][:name] = "Bob"
array_with_hashes[0][:id] = 10          #=> [{:name=>"Bob", :id=>10}, {}]

Two-dimensional array

temperature_data = [
              ["A908", 38],
              ["A909", 37],
              ["A910", 38],
          ]
temperature_data[0]    #=> ["A908", 38]
temperature_data[0][0] #=> "A908"
temperature_data[0][1] #=> 38

array index

str_array = [
  "This", "is", "a", "small", "array"
]
str_array[0]            #=> "This"
str_array[1]            #=> "is"
str_array[4]            #=> "array"

negative index

str_array = [
  "This", "is", "a", "small", "array"
]
# Index -1 represents the last element
str_array[-1]        #=> "array"
# Index -2 represents the second to last element
str_array[-2]        #=> "small"
str_array[-6]        #=> nil

array method at

str_array = [
  "This", "is", "a", "small", "array"
]

puts str_array.at(0)      #=> "This"

Range acquisition

arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
arr[100]                  #=> nil
arr[-3]                   #=> 4
arr[2, 3]                 #=> [3, 4, 5]
arr[1..4]                 #=> [2, 3, 4, 5]
arr[1..-3]                #=> [2, 3, 4]

Array method fetch

arr = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']
arr.fetch(100)
#=> IndexError: Index outside array bounds 100：-6...6
arr.fetch(100, "oops")    #=> "oops"

Out of bounds, give default value

Get array elements

arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

arr.first     # first value => 1
arr.last      # last value => 6
# take Returns the first n elements
arr.take(3)   #=> [1, 2, 3]
# drop after n elements have been deleted
arr.drop(3)   #=> [4, 5, 6]

Add value to end of array push

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
numbers.push(11)
#=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]
numbers.push(12, 13, 14)
#=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14]

Delete the value at the end of the array pop

num_array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
num_array.pop             #=> 10
num_array
#=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

Add value to beginning of array unshift

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
numbers.unshift(0)
#=> [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
numbers.unshift(-3, -2, -1)
#=> [-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

Retrieve and simultaneously delete the first element shift

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
numbers.shift #=> 1
numbers
#=> [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

Remove element at specific index delete_at

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
numbers.delete_at(2) #=> 4
numbers
#=> [2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

Remove a specific element anywhere in an array

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
numbers.delete(2) #=> 2
numbers           #=> [3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

Insert value at given index insert {.row-span-2}

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
numbers.insert(0, 0)
#=> [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
numbers.insert(0, -3, -2, -1)
#=> [-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

numbers.insert(-1, 12, 13, 14)
#=> [-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14]
numbers.insert(-4, 11)
#=> [-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14]

A block to fill the array with values

numbers = Array.new(10) { |n| n = n * 2 }
#=> [0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18]

Filling arrays becomes easier

numbers = Array(100..110)
#=> [100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110]

# Or we can convert the range to an array
(100..110).to_a
#=> [100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110]

Remove nil value from array

arr = ['foo', 0, nil, 'bar', 7, nil]
arr.compact  #=> ['foo', 0, 'bar', 7]
arr      #=> ['foo', 0, nil, 'bar', 7, nil]
arr.compact! #=> ['foo', 0, 'bar', 7]
arr      #=> ['foo', 0, 'bar', 7]

Remove duplicates uniq

arr = [2, 5, 6, 556, 6, 6, 8, 9, 0, 123, 556]
arr.uniq #=> [2, 5, 6, 556, 8, 9, 0, 123]
arr # => [2, 5, 6, 556, 6, 6, 8, 9, 0, 123, 556]
arr.uniq! #=> [2, 5, 6, 556, 8, 9, 0, 123]
arr #=> [2, 5, 6, 556, 8, 9, 0, 123]

Check if a value exists in an array（include？）

planets = ["Mercury", "Venus", "Earth", "Mars", "Jupiter", "Saturn", "Uranus", "Neptune"]
planets.include? "Mars"
# output => true
planets.include? "Pluto"
# output => false

Get array size

planets = ["Mercury", "Venus", "Earth", "Mars", "Jupiter", "Saturn", "Uranus", "Neptune"]
planets.size
# output => 8
planets.length
# output => 8

You can use size or length, both are synonyms

clear array

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
numbers.clear
# output => []

Get the first element of the array

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
numbers[0]
# or
numbers.first
# output => 1

Get the last element of the array

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
numbers[-1]
# or
numbers.last
# output => 10

Merge two arrays

a = ["tom", "mot", "otm"]
b = [2, 3, 5]
a.zip(b)
# output
# [["tom", 2], ["mot", 3], ["otm", 5]]

Sort array {.row-span-3}

primes = [7, 2, 3, 5]
sorted_primes = primes.sort
puts "#{sorted_primes}"
# output => [2, 3, 5, 7]

or in-place sort

primes = [7, 2, 3, 5]
primes.sort!
puts "#{primes}"
# output => [2, 3, 5, 7]

planets = ["Mercury", "Venus", "Earth", "Mars", "Jupiter", "Saturn", "Uranus", "Neptune"]
planets.sort
# output
# ["Earth", "Jupiter", "Mars", "Mercury", "Neptune", "Saturn", "Uranus", "Venus"]
planets.sort_by { |p| p }
# output
# ["Earth", "Jupiter", "Mars", "Mercury", "Neptune", "Saturn", "Uranus", "Venus"]
planets.sort_by { |p| p.length }
# output
# ["Mars", "Earth", "Venus", "Saturn", "Uranus", "Neptune", "Jupiter", "Mercury"]

Get maximum value from array

primes = [7, 2, 3, 5]
primes.max_by { |p| p }
# output => 7

Get array elements using range {.row-span-2}

# numbers[start..end], both index are inclusive
puts numbers[0..3]
# 1
# 2
# 3
# 4
# numbers[start..end], end index is exclusive
puts numbers[0...3]
# 1
# 2
# 3
# or numbers[start..length]
puts numbers[0, 1]
# 1

Get the first n elements of the array

primes = [7, 2, 3, 5]
primes.take(3)
# [7, 2, 3]

access element

primes = [7, 2, 3, 5]
primes.fetch(3)
# 5
# Fetch will throw an error if the element does not exist
primes.fetch(10)
# (index 10 outside of array bounds: -4...4)
# or get an default value
primes.fetch(10, -1)
# -1

Delete first n elements

primes = [7, 2, 3, 5]
primes.drop(3)
# [5]

Delete the first element

primes = [7, 2, 3, 5]
primes.shift
# [2, 3, 5]

Remove last element

primes = [7, 2, 3, 5]
primes.pop
# [7, 2, 3]

Delete element with index

primes = [7, 2, 3, 5]
primes.delete_at(-1)
# [7, 2, 3]

Remove all occurrences of elements

primes = [7, 2, 3, 5, 5]
primes.delete(5)
# [7, 2, 3]

each {.row-span-3}

# When you have single line blocks
salary = [399, 234, 566, 533, 233]
salary.each { |s| puts s }
# output
# 399
# 234
# 566
# 533
# 233

When you have a multi-line block, you can replace the curly braces {} with do and end

salary.each do |s|
  a = 10
  res = a * s
  puts res
end
# output
# 3990
# 2340
# 5660
# 5330
# 2330

Or you can do the same thing using braces {} and semicolon as separator instead of newline

salary.each { |s| a = 10 ; res = a * s ; puts res }

each_with_index

salary = [399, 234, 566, 533, 233]
salary.each_with_index { |value, index| puts "#{index} #{value}" }
# output
# 0 399
# 1 234
# 2 566
# 3 533
# 4 233

each_index

salary = [399, 234, 566, 533, 233]
salary.each_index { |i| puts i}
# output
# 0
# 1
# 2
# 3
# 4

map

salary = [399, 234, 566, 533, 233]
salary.map { |s|  s * 10  }
# return
# [3990, 2340, 5660, 5330, 2330]
# On the other hand, each returns the original value
salary = [399, 234, 566, 533, 233]
salary.each { |s|  s * 10  }
# return
# [399, 234, 566, 533, 233]

collect

salary = [399, 234, 566, 533, 233]
salary.collect { |s| s > 400 }
# output
# [false, false, true, true, false]

for

for value in [2, 3, 5, 7]
    puts value
end

each_with_object {.col-span-2}

colors = [
  {color: "red", count: 3}, {color: "red", count: 5}, {color: "black", count: 4}
]
colors.each_with_object(Hash.new(0)) { |color, hash| hash["color_"+color[:color]] = color[:color].upcase; hash["count_"+color[:color]] += color[:count] }
# output
{"color_red"=>"RED", "count_red"=>8, "color_black"=>"BLACK", "count_black"=>4}

[1, 2, 3].each_with_object(0) { |number, sum| sum += number}
# output
# 0
# Because 0 is immutable, and since the initial object is 0, the method returns 0

while

planets = ["Mercury", "Venus", "Earth", "Mars", "Jupiter", "Saturn", "Uranus", "Neptune"]
index = 0
while index < planets.size
    puts "#{planets[index]}"
    index += 1
end

---

a = 1
star = '*'
while a <= 10
    puts star
    star += '*'
    a += 1
end

do while

planets = ["Mercury", "Venus", "Earth", "Mars", "Jupiter", "Saturn", "Uranus", "Neptune"]
index = 0
loop do
    puts "#{planets[index]}"
    index += 1
    break if planets[index] == "Mars" or index > planets.size
end

until

planets = ["Mercury", "Venus", "Earth", "Mars", "Jupiter", "Saturn", "Uranus", "Neptune"]
index = planets.size - 1
until index < 0
    puts "#{planets[index]}"
    index -= 1
end

a = 1
star = '*'
until star.length > 10
    puts star
    star += '*'
    a += 1
end

times

10.times { puts "#{rand(1..100)}"}
# output
# will print 10 random numbers

Just because you can doesn't mean you should iterate over an array like this

data_sample = [2, 3, 5, 7]
data_sample.size.times { |index| puts "#{data_sample[index]}" }
# output
# 2
# 3
# 5
# 7

upto

data_sample = [2, 3, 5, 7]
0.upto((data_sample.size - 1) / 2) { |index| puts "#{data_sample[index]}" }
# output
# 2
# 3

downto

data_sample = [2, 3, 5, 7]
(data_sample.size - 1).downto(data_sample.size / 2) { |index| puts "#{data_sample[index]}" }
# output
# 7
# 5

step {.row-span-2}

1.step(20, 2) { |number| puts "#{number}"}
# output
# 1
# 3
# 5
# 7
# 9
# 11
# 13
# 15
# 17
# 19

---

19.step(1, -2) { |number| puts "#{number}"}
# output
# 19
# 17
# 15
# 13
# 11
# 9
# 7
# 5
# 3
# 1

inject {.row-span-2}

numbers = [2, 2, 2, 2, 2]
numbers.inject{ |res, n| res + n }
# The output is the sum of all numbers
# If no initial value is set for res, the first element of the array is used as the initial value of res.
#10
# Now set the value of res to 11
numbers = [2, 2, 2, 2, 2]
numbers.inject(11) { |res, n| res + n }
# so 11 + 2, 13 + 2, 15 + 2, 17 + 2 and 19 + 2
# 21
# using symbol
numbers = [2, 2, 2, 2, 2]
numbers.inject(:+)
# output
# 10

Use initial values and symbols

numbers = [2, 2, 2, 2, 2]
numbers.inject(11, :+)
# output
# 21

reduce

numbers = [2, 2, 2, 2, 2]
numbers.reduce(11, :+)
# output
# 21

detect

planets = ["Mercury", "Venus", "Earth", "Mars", "Jupiter", "Saturn", "Uranus", "Neptune"]
planets.detect { |name| name.start_with?("E") and name.end_with?("h") }
# output
# Earth
salary = [399, 234, 566, 533, 233]
salary.detect { |s| s > 1000 }
# output
# nil

find

planets = ["Mercury", "Venus", "Earth", "Mars", "Jupiter", "Saturn", "Uranus", "Neptune"]
planets.find { |name| name.start_with?("E") and name.end_with?("h") }
# output
# Earth

select

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
numbers.select { |n| n % 2 == 0 }
# Now you have an even array
# [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
# If there are no values that satisfy your logic, return an empty array
[1, 1, 1].select { |n| n % 2 == 0 }
# no even numbers
# []

reject

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
numbers.reject { |n| n % 2 == 0 }
# Reject if the number is even, so now we have an odd array
# [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]

keep_if

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
numbers.keep_if { |n| n % 2 == 0 }
# numbers Array contains only even numbers
# [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

delete_if

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
numbers.delete_if { |n| n % 2 == 0 }
# numbers Array contains only odd numbers
# [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]

drop_while

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 0]
numbers.drop_while { |n| n < 3 }
# is 3 less than 3, returns false, so delete 1, 2
# [3, 1, 2, 3, 0]

reverse_each

words = %w[first second third fourth fifth sixth]
str = ""
words.reverse_each {|word| str += "#{word} "}
p str #=> "sixth fifth fourth third second first "

boolean enumerable method

boolean enumerable method {.row-span-2}

all?

[2, 4, 6, 8, 10].all? { |num| num % 2 == 0 }
# true
[1, 4, 6, 8, 10].all? { |num| num % 2 == 0 }
# false

any?

[1, 3, 5, 7, 10].any? { |num| num % 2 == 0 }
# true
[1, 3, 5, 7, 19].any? { |num| num % 2 == 0 }
# false

one?

[1, 3, 2, 5, 7].one? { |num| num % 2 == 0 }
# true
[1, 3, 2, 5, 4].one? { |num| num % 2 == 0 }
# false

none?

[1, 3, 5, 7, 9].none? { |num| num % 2 == 0 }
# true
[2, 3, 5, 7, 9].none? { |num| num % 2 == 0 }
# false

empty?

[].empty?
# true
[1, 3, 5, 7, 9].empty?
# false

Combination method

Combination method {.row-span-2}

• & Returns a new array containing each element found in array and array other_array; duplicates are omitted; use eql? to compare items
• intersection Returns a new array containing each element found in self and all given arrays other_arrays; duplicates are omitted; use eql? to compare items
• + Returns an array containing all elements of self followed by all elements of the given array
• - Returns an array containing all elements of self not found in the given array
• union Returns an array containing all elements of self and all elements of the given array, with duplicates removed
• difference Returns an array containing all elements of self not found in any given array
• product self Returns or produces all combinations of elements from self and the given array

&

[0, 1, 2, 3] & [1, 2] # => [1, 2]
[0, 1, 0, 1] & [0, 1] # => [0, 1]

intersection

[0, 1, 2, 3].intersection([0, 1, 2], [0, 1, 3])
# => [0, 1]
[0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 3].intersection([0, 1, 2], [0, 1, 3])
# => [0, 1]

+

a = [0, 1] + [2, 3]
a # => [0, 1, 2, 3]

-

[0, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1] - [1]
# => [0, 2, 3]
[0, 1, 2, 3] - [3, 0]
# => [1, 2]
[0, 1, 2] - [4]
# => [0, 1, 2]

union

[0, 1, 2, 3].union([4, 5], [6, 7])
# => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
[0, 1, 1].union([2, 1], [3, 1])
# => [0, 1, 2, 3]
[0, 1, 2, 3].union([3, 2], [1, 0])
# => [0, 1, 2, 3]

difference

[0, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1].difference([1])
# => [0, 2, 3]
[0, 1, 2, 3].difference([3, 0], [1, 3])
# => [2]
[0, 1, 2].difference([4])
# => [0, 1, 2]

product

a = [0, 1, 2]
a1 = [3, 4]
p = a.product(a1)
p.size # => 6 # a.size * a1.size
p # => [[0, 3], [0, 4], [1, 3], [1, 4], [2, 3], [2, 4]]

Loops

while loop

# variable count
count = 4
# using while loop
# here conditional is count i.e. 4
while count >= 1
  # statements to be executed
  puts "Ruby Cheatsheet"
  count = count - 1
  # while loop ends here
end

output

Ruby Cheatsheet
Ruby Cheatsheet
Ruby Cheatsheet
Ruby Cheatsheet

for loop

# loop using range as expression
text = "Ruby Cheatsheet"
# using for loop with the range
for count in 1..5 do
  puts text
end

output

Ruby Cheatsheet
Ruby Cheatsheet
Ruby Cheatsheet
Ruby Cheatsheet
Ruby Cheatsheet

do..while loop

# starting of do..while loop
loop do
  puts "Ruby Cheatsheet"
  val = '7'
  # using boolean expressions
  if val == '7'
    break
  end
  # ending of ruby do..while loop
end

output

Ruby Cheatsheet

until loop

var = 7
# here do is optional
until var == 11 do
  # code to be executed
  puts var * 10
  var = var + 1
  # here loop ends
end

output

70
80
90
100

Break out of loop

salary = [399, 234, 566, 533, 233]
salary.each do |s|
  break if s == 566
  puts s
end
# output
# 399
# 234

By using the break keyword

skip within loop

salary = [399, 234, 566, 533, 233]
salary.each do |s|
  next if s == 533
  puts s
end
# output
# 399
# 234
# 566
# 233

By using next keyword

Repeat current iteration

data = [456, 3000]
retry_count = 0
status = "network failure"
sum = 0
data.each do |d|
    if retry_count == 3
        status = "connection established"
        retry_count = 0
        redo
    elsif status == "network failure" and retry_count < 5
        puts "network failure #{retry_count}"
        retry_count += 1
        redo
    elsif status == "connection established"
        puts d
        sum += d
    end
end
# output of sum
# 3456

Start the cycle again

numbers = [2, 2, 44, 44]
sum = 0
begin
    numbers.each do |s|
        if rand(1..10) == 5
            puts "hi 5, let's do it again!"
            sum = 0
            raise "hi 5"
        end
        puts s
        sum += s
    end
rescue
    retry
end

Classes

Classes Example {.row-span-2}

class Person
    # when you create a new object, it looks for a method named initialize and executes it, like a constructor in java
    # def initialize(name, number)
    #    @name = name
    #    @number = number
    # end
    # instance variable
    # @name
    # class variable
    # @@count
    # attr_accessor acts as a getter and setter for the following instance attributes
    attr_accessor :name, :number
    # class variable must be initialized
    @@count = 0
    def self.count
        @@count
    end
    def self.count=(count)
        @@count = count
    end
    def initialize
        @@count += 1
    end
end
# create an instance of the Person class
p1 = Person.new
# set attributes of the Person class
p1.name = "Yukihiro Matsumoto"
p1.number = 9999999999
# get attributes of the Person class
puts "#{p1.name}"
puts "#{p1.number}"
puts "#{Person.count}"
# Yukihiro Matsumoto
# 9999999999
# 1
p2 = Person.new
p2.name = "Yukihiro Matsumoto"
p2.number = 9999999999
# get attributes of the Person class
puts "#{p2.name}"
puts "#{p2.number}"
puts "#{Person.count}"
# Yukihiro Matsumoto
# 9999999999
# 2
# set class variable
Person.count = 3
puts "#{Person.count}"
# 3

Inherit a class

class Person
    attr_accessor :name, :number
end
# Inherit methods and properties from parent class using < symbol
class Student < Person
    attr_accessor :id
end
s = Student.new
s.name = "James Bond"
s.number = 700
s.id = 678
puts "#{p.name}"
James Bond
puts "#{p.number}"
700
puts "#{p.id}"
678

Check instance type

class Vehicle; end
class Car < Vehicle; end
class Audi < Car; end
car = Car.new
car.instance_of? Vehicle
false
car.instance_of? Car
true
car.instance_of? Audi
false
a = 7
a.instance_of? Integer
true
a.instance_of? Numeric
false

Returns true if the object is an instance of the given class and not a subclass or superclass

Print all method names of a class

puts (String.methods).sort
# Exclude methods inherited from Object class
puts (String.methods - Object.public_instance_methods).sort

Check if a class has a specific method

String.respond_to?(:prepend)
true
String.respond_to?(:append)
false

See Also

• Ruby (ruby-lang.org)
• Ruby Cheatsheet (github.com)